Is overpopulation a global crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is overpopulation a global crisis - Essay Example Another definition of overpopulation is that it is â€Å"the condition of having a population as dense as to cause environmental deterioration and impaired quality of life or a population crash† (Gonzalez 117). These two definitions of overpopulation seem to have some differences as well as some commonalities. First of all, both definitions are based on the fact that overpopulation is based on the fact that there might be too many people as opposed to resources in a given area. This implies that overpopulation occurs when there are more people in relation to the resources available to them for their survival and livelihoods. On the other hand, the two writers are not in agreement about the scope of globalization. Whilst Pitzl defines globalization in terms of countries or geographical regions, Gonzalez views it as a global matter which has an impact on the natural environment. This means that the first definition localizes the idea of overpopulation whilst the second generatio n looks at it as a global problem or issue. Reasons why Overpopulation is a Global Issue In this world, resources and the natural environment are shared. Instead of having a limited access to natural resources, most resources in the natural environment transcend natural borders. ... This often results in pressure over natural resources, pollution, congestion, unorganized development amongst others. Nagel and Guinness identify that overpopulation can be defined in terms of having a population that is above the normal level that a nation or community can hold (111). The standard level of population that a community's resources can support is known as the optimum population (Nagel and Guinness 111). However, when the population goes above the optimum population, there is an increasing pressure on resources and the living standards of the community would begin to decline. Hence, there would be the non-sustainable use of natural resources, and the over-use of elements of the natural environment. This leads to pressure not only on local resources but on the global ecological balance. This is because when natural resources are put to a use that is beyond the normal, there would be some implications for other resources outside the nation or community. Over population ca uses nations around the world to get concerns. This is because population leads to migration. And if there is migration, nations with optimal populations are also affected and they would have to find ways and means of reducing the flow of migrants into their countries. For example, in the case of China which shares a long border with Russia, there is a major threat to the Russian economy and Russian natural resources if the population of China moves further up. This is because when China's population grows, the pressure on Chinese resources would be so high that a section of the Chinese community would have to leave the country in order to find other resources to survive on. This means that Russia would be

Literature Review Tuberculosis Article Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Tuberculosis Article Health And Social Care Essay According to the World Health Organization, a third of the worlds population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (World Health Organization). New cases were estimated to number 9.4 million with 1.8 million deaths in 2008 (Thomas). Gary Maartens and Robert J. Wilkinson published a review in the December, 2007 issue of The Lancet that outlines the current condition of tuberculosis(TB) in the world today. Specifically, the authors report on the status of research, diagnostic techniques, treatment options and the epidemic of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Africa. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterial causative agent of a disease that has been a leading cause of death for much of earths history and still is for many developing countries. Maarten and Wilkinson noted recent regional changes in the incidence of TB with improvements made in many regions while incidence in sub-Saharan Africa has increased. This increase is correlated with the HIV epidemic in Africa and presents complex challenges in the task of controlling TB. In addition to HIV, multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of tuberculosis account for increasing numbers of new cases and recurrent disease in previously treated patients. The authors state that 4% of patients worldwide have a multidrug-resistant strain. Included in that percentage are patients with XDR strains. One reported study of a tuberculosis outbreak in HIV-infected individuals showed that 24% of those patients had XDR strains and this resulted in a 98% fatality rate (52 of 53 patients) . Genetic analysis of the bacterium indicated that transmission of the TB had been recent and it was noted that two-thirds of the affected patients had been hospitalized in the two years prior. The concern is that they may have acquired the XDR strain of TB while hospitalized, highlighting the need for better treatments and more precaution when treating these patients. Without improvements in rapid diagnosis and treatment, the incidence of drug-resistant strains will continue to rise. Genomic analysis has become an important tool in understanding microorganisms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been extensively studied and its genes have been sequenced. Analysis conducted on 875 different strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 80 countries has resulted in the discovery of six distinct lineages of TB that seem to have adaptations to specific populations of humans. As an example, the east African-Asian strain affects people of Indian origin, regardless of where they currently live. Another strain, W/Beijing, has less specificity, affecting people all over the world, but it also seems to be more virulent. Each of these strains is the result of mutations in the DNA of the bacterium. Different strains of TB have different mechanisms which allow them to modulate or suppress the immune system response. Many of these mechanisms have to do with the molecules that comprise the mycobacterial cell wall such as phenolic glycolipids. Two large studies have identified that membrane-associated proteins, molecular transporters, and ion channels play a vital role in the virulence of TB. These discoveries not only help scientists better understand the pathogenesis of tuberculosis; they also provide new targets for treatment. In addition to the genetics of the bacteria, the genetic makeup of the host is critical. Specific receptors on human macrophages recognize specific molecules of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and trigger cellular signaling cascades that can result in greater host resistance or increased susceptibility to TB. Two of the receptors involved have a role in vitamin D activation and a deficiency of this vitamin has been noted in some tuberculosis cases, leading the authors to speculate about the possibility of vitamin D supplementation for prevention. Mutations in one of these cellular signaling pathways were shown in a series of studies to predispose individuals to severe atypical mycobacterial infections. This line of inquiry, identifying the specific genetic mutations that give rise to virulence factors in the bacteria or greater susceptibility in the host, could lead to huge advancements in the understanding and eventual eradication of TB, but the authors point out that th ese studies would need to be extensive, which equates to expensive. Diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis hasnt significantly changed in decades. Microscopic analysis and bacterial culturing are the standard protocols used to detect a TB infection, but these techniques have drawbacks, the most obvious being the time and labor involved in culturing. Maarten and Wilkinson state the obvious by expressing a desire for a more sensitive test that is rapid and affordable. A few emerging candidates are discussed, including nucleic-acid amplification tests and enzyme-linked immunospot analysis (ELISpot analysis). Nucleic-acid amplification tests have not proven to be significantly better at identifying TB. They are also expensive and require specialized equipment, making them unsuitable for use in most developing countries with limited resources. The ELISpot analysis, however, has promise in that it shows greater sensitivity and specificity than the tuberculosis skin test (TST), particularly in differentiating between exposure to TB and an active infection . In addition to assessing whether a patient is dealing with a tuberculosis infection, it is critical to know whether the strain of TB is drug-resistant. Current methods of determining drug resistance require 6-8 weeks, but microscopic analysis of liquid culture growth can be done within 10 days and has the advantages of being inexpensive and easily available, even to locations with limited resources. HIV infection further complicates diagnosis of tuberculosis and a determination is frequently made based solely on clinical symptoms and x-rays. This can lead to faster treatment, but could also be a contributing factor in the creation of resistant strains. Current methods of treatment involve a cocktail of medications taken for at least six months. This protocol typically has good results, even in patients with HIV. The treatment strategy utilized internationally is called directly observed treatment short course (DOTS). This method of control has contributed to gains made in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, but still has many shortcomings. The authors advocate a combined approach and point to very high adherence rates for HIV treatments with a more patient centered approach, which empowers the patient to take care of themselves rather than reporting to a clinic to be observed taking a medication. The medications used to treat TB have changed very little and new medications are desperately needed, especially in light of the increase in drug-resistant strains. A commonly used medication, rifamycin is proving to be less effective in patients with HIV due to the development of resistance or because of some metabolic process reducing the concentration of the medication in their bodies. Fluoroquinolones have been shown to be effective but seem to be prone to rapid development of resistance and toxicity. The authors report on two new antimycobaterial drugs that have novel mechanisms of action and are in the process of testing. The complications of treating patients with HIV and TB are many. Most of the symptoms of TB are due to immune response (immunopathological), but the immune systems of HIV patients are already suppressed. The medications to treat TB can further suppress the immune response leading to an increase in viral load and the possibility of more opportunistic infections. In addition, many of these medications have proven to be hepatotoxic, which HIV patients are even less equipped to handle. Complications can also include paradoxical deterioration whereby the treatment of HIV results in a worsening of TB symptoms. The important point is that more research is required to understand the immune system functionality in concurrent infections of TB and HIV. The treatment of latent infections is aimed at preventing these infections from becoming active, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The most common strategy is a 6-12 month course of isoniazid. Although widely used, this treatment carries the same risks of medication resistance and hepatotoxicity as other TB drugs. Additional information on the physiology of latent infections could lead to better drugs and better strategies for treatment. Vaccination, which is widely available in Europe, but not used in the United States, has shown some efficacy in preventing severe TB infections in children, but the length and strength of protection is in question. Tuberculosis is still transmitted, allowing the continued spread of the bacteria. Novel vaccines are being tested and a few show promise to provide better protection. The authors reiterate the need for large, long term studies. Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing an epidemic of HIV-associated tuberculosis. The capacity to manage this epidemic is severely hindered by socioeconomic, medical infrastructure, and political issues. Treating with antiretrovirals has reduced the number of cases of tuberculosis, but HIV patients are still much more likely to develop tuberculosis. The best preventative measure seems to be to reduce the incidence of HIV and the best treatment strategy is to identify and treat active tuberculosis. Treating both HIV and tuberculosis concurrently poses special problems. Many of the drugs have potentially negative interactions, either reducing efficacy or increasing toxicity. In addition, there is the possibility of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This disorder manifests as a worsening of TB symptoms in a patient that was improving, likely due to an improved immune response resulting from treatment of HIV. In essence, successful treatment of HIV results in an escalation of tub erculosis symptoms. Steroids used to treat the TB have some success, but at the risk of increased complications from HIV. There is a fine line in concurrently treating these diseases and much more to understand about it. This article serves both as a reminder of the enormity of the problems associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as a call to arms for more research. With a third of the worlds population affected, it is extremely surprising that we dont have a symbol, a color, a celebrity backed telethon with accompanying song, or a three-day walk to raise awareness and money for research. I suppose part of the problem is that the problem is over there and so we in America are less aware. Preventing the spread of the bacteria seems to be the best option for a long term reduction in incidence, and a new vaccine would seem to be the logical next step. In reading the article, it seems the challenges in treating tuberculosis are almost overwhelming. Tuberculosis lives and multiplies in the macrophages of the human immune system, the very cells that would normally play a key role in eradication of a bacterial infection. This uncommon arrangement, in addition to the complexity of the interactions bet ween humans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is key to understanding the disease in the hope of finding better solutions. If we could find a way to induce the bodys immune systems to attack the bacteria itself without the formation of tubercles or other negative effects, that would be an ideal solution. If that is not possible, we need to find those mechanisms or characteristics that are unique to the bacterium or its pathogenesis and create a drug to act on those. The challenges are many. The authors repeatedly used the term political will and it seems that this may be the key to resolving the problem of tuberculosis. While the article serves the purposes of reminding and rallying, it seems to be written for those already familiar with the disease and is poorly organized. The authors seem to hopscotch about with very little in the way of transition, making it difficult for a novice to assimilate the information. It is a good review of the current direction, but without the foundatio nal information required to understand what it means.

Writing Persuasive or Argumentative Essays :: Writing an Essay

In persuasive or argumentative writing, we try to convince others to agree with our facts, share our values, accept our argument and conclusions, and adopt our way of thinking. Elements toward building a good persuasive essay include * establishing facts to support an argument * clarifying relevant values for your audience (perspective) * prioritizing, editing, and/or sequencing the facts and values in importance to build the argument * forming and stating conclusions * "persuading" your audience that your conclusions are based upon the agreed-upon facts and shared values * having the confidence to communicate your "persuasion" in writing Here are some strategies to complete a persuasive writing assignment: Write out the questions in your own words. * Think of the questions posed in the assignment while you are reading and researching. Determine o facts o any sources that will help you determine their reliability (as well as for further reference) o what

European Airlines Essay

The European Airline industry is facing one of the most challenging environments in its history. A global economic recession coupled with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have led to a decrease in passenger traffic, reduction in revenue per mile flown, and rising labor costs. In addition to that, disintegration in pricing power and a shift in the buying behavior of business travelers, coupled with fierce competition from low cost airlines, are forcing major airlines to restructure their operations or face the prospect of going out of business. The airline industry has responded to this difficult environment by taking measures to reduce their costs. Airlines announced layoffs of employees immediately in order to reduce the cost incurred by the airlines. To make matters worse for the industry, it has been predicted that only a gradual recovery in passenger traffic during the coming years would be seen. The European airline industry went through a deregulation process in the late 20th century. Prior to deregulation, almost one third of all passengers did not have a choice of selecting an airline. The growth in the number of passengers flying can be attributed to increased competition, innovations in marketing & operations resulting in lower cost of flying, introduction of new services and improvements in service quality. Macro-economic Analysis The industry became a perfect competition marketplace in that no single firm can influence the price of the product, consumers (for the most part) view the products of all firms as perfect substitutes and consumers will purchase a product from the firm with the lowest price. In late 1990s, during the technology bubble and the increased globalization of business, the airline industry grew at a rapid pace. However, the industry has suffered quite a few setbacks after experiencing that boom. Pummeled by poor profits and scarred from terrorist attacks against the West, the airline industry finds itself on an uncertain course. In an industry which is already taken over by tough competitions, airlines have tried to breakeven at least to survive the threat of close down. Many state administered airlines still operate based on the pacts and treaties signed by other states to decide the schedule of flights for the respective airline. The European countries, started to sign open air treaties as part of the deregulation mechanism being introduced. To get around national laws and regulatory problems, airlines have formed global alliances such as Star (United Airlines and Lufthansa), Oneworld (American Airlines, British Airways, etc. ), and SkyTeam (Delta Air Lines, Air France, and AeroMexico). Through such alliances, airlines benefit from each other’s resources, which include additional routes and marketing strategies as well as code-sharing agreements, without incurring the high costs of expansion. The costs involved with increased security precautions and route changes will force the airlines to examine their agreements and consider expansions of the same. For customers, airline alliances offer broader frequent flier programs, streamlined travel, and simplified systems for purchasing tickets, but those benefits may do little to allay passenger concerns regarding safety. Advances in communication technology have also played a role in the airline industry’s recent troubles. Advances such as video conferencing, internet chat and internet telephones allow firms to conduct business without having their executives get on the plane and visit their customer’s site. Further, coast to coast business class period has become history. Businesses are currently focusing on cutting costs and reducing overheads. While the volume of passengers getting on the planes is slowly increasing, there is no significant increase in people traveling business class or first class, which is a key component in any airline’s profit margins. According to a survey business travel volume in the EU fell by nearly 6% in 2008. More and more passengers continue to look at offers from airlines in form of packages and cheap fares. Nearly 80% of business travelers are stating that their company has implemented travel policies that, among other things, place restrictions on the class of air service. The results have left airlines struggling to come up with ways of attracting more premium passengers. Due to the rise in terrorist attacks and exacerbation in an existing trend of decreased demand and reduced industry revenues. The impact of the global war against terrorism was so huge on the industry that the governments had to intervene in order to support the industry to stabilize it. Although passenger volumes have shown signs of improvement, they remain low and as a result, several airlines are facing severe economic difficulties. Reacting to a drop in the number of passengers and rising costs for security, airlines have laid off staff and trimmed services in effort to keep flying.

How Boys Become Men

How Boys Become Men The article â€Å"How Boys Become Men† written by Jon Katz, gives a positive statement on how boys still haven’t change and are still growing up the same. Jon Katz, shares with us while walking his dog one day, he saw a boy get beaten by a group of older boys. While walking towards him, Katz asked if he was okay; the boy said yes and begun to swing like nothing happened. I believe that what Jon Katz states is true, because the fact is; boys are always going to think they’re the Alpha Male in every situation.For example: who can climb the highest Rock, who can make a bigger splash in the pool or who can maybe get a girlfriend first. From experience when hanging out with my brother and his guy friends, they always end up trying to compete against each other. In my opinion I think it’s funny the things they make each other do. One day we were all going as a family to hike at Great Falls, and my brother decided to bring his three closes guy friends, Mark, Anthony and Oscar. As we all began to hike the path, before you knew it the boys were all ready starting to race to the top.There was another time my friend Kevin and I, went to swim in Lake Anna and he challenged me to jump from the highest rock into the water. As I finished jumping, I saw him already preparing to jump in as well. When he got out of the water, I saw that his foot had minor cuts and asked him if he was okay. He brushed off what I said, and said, â€Å"let’s go again! † Lastly, boys always tend to be strong and not let others know they’re hurting. This is what happened to my older brother as fell off his bike and hurt his knee, when he was ten years old. Another example were boys decide to be the â€Å"Alpha Males†, could be at the pool with their friends.Last summer my friend Ashley and her boyfriend decided to meet my friend Alex and I at the pool. Ashley’s boyfriend John, and my close friend Alex hit it of from th e start. I saw that John did something that Alex, in my opinion never had done before. Alex did the trick, that John dared him to do with out hesitating and hit his leg really hard, (by looks of it) on the corncrake. Momentarily, they began swimming and Alex ignored the bump on his leg. Boys in my opinion never want to show they are not up for a challenge. Every time my brother’s friends come over, they always began playing around and see who is the strongest out of all of them.Or from what I see, they could also began to lift certain objects and see who can throw them the farthest. Lastly, it’s not all about the who can be the better rock climber or who is the strongest, but maybe who can capture a girls heart first. I have seen this many times from boys who have lost friendships over the same girl they liked, only because they both wanted to be with her. Sadly, only one gets the girl. This is were things get really hectic, and boys sometimes become foes, instead of f riends. Boys often get very competitive if they both want the same girl, just like my brother did with his ex best friend, Joey.Also they never want to admit they lost, sometimes they simply say they didn’t try hard enough. In conclusion, yes, boys want to be that strong, fearless, awesome guy that they have been taught mostly by, their parents or society. But just as Jon Katz says, they want love and understanding when things do not go right for them. Which is very similar how girls are as well. Boys just tend not to show it, because of the pride they have or what they have gone through in their childhood. To sum it all up, boys are always going to be the same, but as they grow up they will learn how to deal with their insecurities in life.

Family ties in William wells browns clotel Essay Example

Family ties in William wells browns clotel Essay Example Family ties in William wells browns clotel Paper Family ties in William wells browns clotel Paper Essay Topic: Woman of Colour Novel Family Ties in William Wells Browns Clotel, or, the Presidents Daughter It is now customary to see Toni Morrison being awarded with a Nobel Prize for fiction and hear literary critics saying that the mainstream of world literature has moved to the suburbs of the world, specifically to African and Arabic countries. Furthermore, strong Afro-American presence on the U. S. literary arena is currently an acknowledged fact. In this regard, William Wells Brown (1815-1884) remains an indicative figure in American literature. He is the author of the first African American written novel Clotel (Brown, 6). William Wells Brown was also the first African American to publish a novel, a play, a travel book, a military study of his people, and a study of black sociology (Internet). Brown had himself escaped slavery in Kentucky and therefore devoted his life to the idea of abolition of slavery, making passionate speeches for the reformation of the society. In 1849, the writer participated in World Peace Congress as a delegate. Later Brown became engaged in the temperance movement. Clotel, or, the Presidents Daughter was published in England in 1853. The book became notorious for the unconfirmed rumors regarding Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings; at the time of its publication Brown was still regarded as a slave (Brown, 6). The novel shows the life of women under the yoke of slavery. To be more specific, Brown explores the effect of slavery on the American family, especially in mixed marriage, which produces mulattos and quadroons. The protagonists of the novel represent three generations of African American women. : The female personages Isabella and Clotel, as the literary critics claim, embody the popular tragic octoroon stereotype (Brown, 6). Family is the smallest indivisible unit of any society. It exists regardless of political collisions and economic breakdowns. However, the latter factors have a multi-faceted influence on family. Browns novel vividly shows that racial discrimination destroys the foundation of the U. S. family and has a pernicious impact on the next generations of mixed blood. As the writer uneasily notes, there is a fearful increase of half whites, most of whose fathers are slave-owners and their mothers slaves. Society does not frown upon the man who sits with his mulatto child upon his knee, whilst its mother stands a slave behind his chair (Brown, 44). This status quo contradicts the very essence of family, which is supposed to unite people into a harmonious whole. A fearful increase of half-whites does not mean the acceptance of the African race into the American society. Conversely, it implies that as black people are considered inferior, white men are allowed to engage into a connection with their female African slaves without any of the obligations that the marriage presupposes. On the one hand, it destroys the white families, for adultery has never been a family-strengthening factor, even if it is committed with an inferior slave woman, who may not even hope for marriage. On the other hand, it delivers black women of the social guarantees that the matrimony provides. Moreover, in fact it means that the black people are not allowed to build up families, especially with white Americans. The protagonist of the novel is the quadroon girl that gave her name for the book Clotel. She is married to Horatio, a young slave owner in a marriage sanctioned by heaven, although unrecognized on earth (Brown, 39). The home of the family couple is a relative home. Due to the fact that a non-white woman may not live in the mansion of the white slave owner, Clotel lives in a separate cottage. Horatio spends his day away from home and away from Clotel, in a world, to which she is not allowed. Gradually, the edicts of society had built up a wall of separation between the quadroon and them [Horatio and his friends] (Brown, 40). Family should be founded on understanding. The abyss between Clotel and Horatio is increasing every day. Clotel does not understand Horatios life outside the home, as she is not allowed there. In turn, Horatio feels superior to the quadroon. Hence, as in this society, white citizens are more equal than their black and semi-white counterparts. He becomes interested in politics and fancies the blond Gertrude, the daughter of an influential and wealthy politician. The man is looking for some variety in love, which would be impossible, if his wife was not considered to be inferior. The family of Clotel and Horatio is destroying due to misunderstanding. Clotel has a daughter who is lucky to be almost white. However, her social status is still uncertain. In the 19-th century America being black, mulatto or quadroon is a criminal offence, and thus Clotel is asking Horatio to remove to France or England, where both her [sic] and her child would be free, and where colour was not a crime (Brown, 40). Vertical and horizontal family ties are also corrupted due to slavery. Clotel is pleading her husband to buy out her mother and sister. Finally, the protagonist, Clotel, is sold to Mr. French in Vicksburgh, which ends her attempts to maintain a family with Horatio. To conclude, Brown condemns slavery by showing its destructive effect on the family in all of its representations: marriage, home, children, and the ties between parents and the next generation. Clotel lives apart from her husband; she is not sure if she is in the favorable future of her daughter or the whereabouts of her mother and sister. Furthermore, Horatio starts putting the premium on his political ambitions and fancies another woman. This disintegration of the family ties occurs due to slavery, which imprisons Clotel and makes her inferior to white people. Brown chooses a literary, personalized form of showing the inhumanity of this racial discrimination, and the need of emancipation from slavery. References Brown, William Wells. Clotel, or the Presidents Daughter, New York: Vintage Books, 1990. Internet. Chapter 3: Early Nineteenth Century: William Wells Brown (1814-1884). 27 July 2005. csustan. edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/brown. html.

‘Football Academies and the Migration of African Football Labour to Europe Essay Example

‘Football Academies and the Migration of African Football Labour to Europe Essay Example ‘Football Academies and the Migration of African Football Labour to Europe Essay ‘Football Academies and the Migration of African Football Labour to Europe Essay The migration of African players into European leagues and teams can be suggested to have negative effects upon African football (Darby, 2007). Within this essay it will try and critique the issues that Darby (2007) has concerns about. Darby (2007) identifies due to the financial superiority of the west, Africa have become the suffering nation due to such neo imperialistic behaviour. With Bale and Maguire (1994) suggesting with the dependency theory Africa have become the dependant underdevelopment state; due to the reliance of financial superiority of the west. For example the more successful teams within Europe developing new academies, to go in search of a new market in which to buy and sell product (African footballers) into higher rise football teams; thus producing more income for their team. Although Darby (2007) does mention in parts that certain academies can provide high level African athletes; the impression given is one of which the academies are set up for the sole imperialistic nature in which to produce high level athletes. Such suggestion from Darby (2007) could be associated with a hyper globalist pessimist; in that globalisation is occurring but in contrast there are things that could be done to improve matters. In connection, with suggestions from Crouch (2011) implies due to neo liberalisation, other companies (McDonalds and Nike) from the west take advantage of the raw talent (labour); that Africa provide due to its low cost and affordability. Crouch relating to Darby’s paper in that with the exploitation of different types of academies; certain associations can exploit the raw talent that Africa provides. Furthermore Darby (2007) relates to the neo-colonial importance involved with such exploitation of labour. Implications for Africa could arise with the academies producing a dependant relationship with the European countries (Klein, 1991); in relation again to economic superiority of the west, with Western football interests gaining power through the success of the European league setup. Further implications could arise from such ‘exploitation’; in association to Africa, Brazil are dealing with similar problems, due to mass exodus of skilled talent to European countries rendering Brazilian football perpetually dependent upon labour exportation (Alvito, 2007). Africa could also become dependent upon broadcasting and media

The 22 Best Colleges in the Midwest

The 22 Best Colleges in the Midwest SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you from the Midwest and want to stay close to home for college? Do you want to experience life in the heartland or in one of America's underrated flyover states? If you’re considering going to college in the Midwest, you should have an idea of which schools are the best in the region. In this article, I’ll provide my rankings of the best colleges in the Midwest and explain how you should use my ranking list of the top Midwestern schools. Which States Are in the Midwest? For my rankings, here are the states that I considered to be in the Midwest: North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Missouri.There is some argument about which states are in the Midwest. My apologies if you disagree with my assessment. How I Ranked the Best Colleges in the Midwest While rankings can be subjective, you can get a general idea of which colleges are better based on their reputations and objective statistics.I placed the22 topcolleges in the Midwest into four tiers, with tier one including the highest ranked schools.I determined my rankings by looking at the rankings from US News, Forbes, and Niche.Each ranking list uses different variables to determine its rankings, but here are some of the most important factors that are considered when determining college rankings: Academic Reputation- The academic reputation of a school is what education experts think about the academics at a particular college. US News gives a peer assessment survey to university presidents, provosts, and deans of admissions to help rate academic quality. Additionally, it surveys high school counselors across the country. Freshman Retention Rate- The freshman retention rate is the percentage of freshmen that return for their sophomore years. Typically, better colleges have higher retention rates. A high retention rate shows that students at the school are satisfied with the school and receiving the necessary support to succeed. Graduation Rate- The graduation rate is the percentage of students that graduate within 6 years. Better schools have higher graduation rates. If a higher percentage of students is graduating, then the students are seen as being more capable, and the college is providing the necessary support and resources to enable students to successfully finish college. Student Selectivity- Student selectivity refers to the qualifications of the students and the competitiveness of the admissions process. Better schools have students with higher high school GPAs and standardized test scores. Also, better schools tend to have lower acceptance rates. More selectivity generally equates to a higher caliber of student. Financial Resources- Ranking lists consider schools’ per student spending. More spending per student is indicative of having more resources and positively influences a school’s ranking. I weighted the US News rankings a little more heavily because US News has the most prestigious ranking list; therefore it has the greatest impact on a school’s reputation.All of the schools were among the top 25 Midwestern colleges in at least two of the three ranking lists I looked at.Honorable mention schools made the top 25 in at least one list. I included the average standardized test scores, acceptance rates, and US News ranking for each school. Because US News ranks national universities and liberal arts colleges separately, after the ranking, I put NU for national university or LA for liberal arts college.I also put public colleges in bold. Ruby.W./Flickr The 22 Best Colleges in the Midwset, Ranked Here are my rankings of the best colleges in the Midwest. Enjoy. Tier One The first tier of the best universitiesin the Midwest is composed of extremely selective private schools.Their acceptance rates range from 9% (University of Chicago) to 22% (University of Notre Dame). Also, their graduation rates are between 93% and 96%.They’re all top 15 schools in the country in their respective categories in the US News rankings, and all of the first tier schools meet 100% of demonstrated financial need.The only liberal arts college in the group is Carleton College. School Location Average SAT Average ACT Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Carleton College Northfield, MN 2135 31 21% #8 LA Northwestern University Evanston, IL 2170 33 15% #12 NU University of Chicago Chicago, IL 2228 33 9% #4 NU University of Notre Dame South Bend, IN 2130 33 22% #18 NU Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 2220 33 16% #15 NU University of Chicago (supafly/Flickr) Tier Two The second tier is composed of very well-regarded, selective colleges.All of the second tier schools are small liberal arts colleges, except the University of Michigan, which is considered to be one of the top public universities in the nation.Their acceptance rates range from 30% (Oberlin College) to 38% (Kenyon College), and their US News rankings are all in the top 30 in the country in their respective categories.Their graduation rates range from 86% (Grinnell) to 91% (University of Michigan).They all meet 100% of demonstrated financial need, except Kenyon (95%) and Michigan (85%). School Location Average SAT Average ACT Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Grinnell College Grinnell, IA 1375 (on Math and Critical Reading only) 30 35% #19 LA Kenyon College Gambier, OH 1988 30 38% #25 LA Macalester College St. Paul, MN 2015 31 34% #23 LA Oberlin College Oberlin, OH 2059 30 30% #23 LA University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI 2041 30 33% #29 NU Tier Three The third tier is composed of a mix of private and public colleges from five different states.Their acceptance rates range from 42% (Case Western) to 62% (University of Illinois), and their US News rankings are between37 and51 in their respective categories.Their graduation rates range from 80% (DePauw) to 89% (St. Olaf).They meet from 69% (Illinois) to 99% (St. Olaf) of demonstrated financial need. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 2032 31 42% #37 NU DePauw University Greencastle, IN 1780 27 61% #51 LA St. Olaf College Northfield, MN 1919 29 59% #51 LA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 1970 28 62% #41 NU University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 1916 28 51% #41 NU Case Western (OzinOH/flickr) Tier Four The fourth tier is composed of sevencolleges, four liberal arts colleges and three large public universities.Their acceptance rates range from 44% (University of Minnesota) to 73% (Lawrence University), and their US News rankings are from 55 to 66 in their respective categories.Their graduation rates range from 74% (Purdue) to 89% (Wheaton).They meet from 71% (Ohio State) to 97% (Denison) of demonstrated financial need. School Location Average SAT Score Average ACT Score Acceptance Rate US News Ranking Denison University Granville, OH 1264 (on Reading and Math only) 29 46% #55 LA Kalamazoo College Kalamazoo, MI 1854 28 67% #66 LA Lawrence University Appleton, WI 1900 29 73% #57 LA Ohio State University Columbus, OH 1864 28 56% #52 NU Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 1773 27 60% #61 NU University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 1920 28 44% #69 NU Wheaton College (IL) Wheaton, IL Not Available Not Available Not Available #57 LA Honorable Mention Beloit College College of Wooster Drake University Earlham College Indiana University Michigan State University Wabash College The menacing Michigan State mascot (John Martinez Pavliga/Flickr) How Should You Use This List? If you want to go to one of the best colleges in the Midwest, research the schools on the list that interest you to determine if you want to apply to them.Think of the factors that are important to you in a college including cost, size, selectivity, location, and the majors offered.Look at the school’s website and use guidebooks, college finders, and search websites to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. Also, just because a school didn’t make the list doesn’t mean it’s a bad school. In your college search, you should identify the school that’s the best fit for you. Some schools may not rank well because they’re not as selective or have fewer financial resources. However, they may have academic programs, professors, and a campus environment that will enable you to have a high quality of life while you’re in school and reach your academic and professional goals. What's Next? Do you want to go to one of the best colleges in the Midwest, but you're worried that your standardized test scores are too low? Check out the Ultimate SAT Prep Study Guideor15 ACT tips and tricks to help raise your score. Are you worried about the cost of attending a great college? Find out how much college really costs, learn how to save for school, and read this post abouthow to pay for college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Why Yield Management Is Important To Hotels Essay

Why Yield Management Is Important To Hotels - Essay Example The paper focuses on the potential value of ‘revenue management, also known as yield management’ to hotels. In the context of the hotel industry, yield management is a term used for describing a high range of techniques through which occupancy is appropriately managed so that the profits of a hotel are increased. Therefore, yield management is quite important to hotels. However, in practice it has been revealed that yield management can also have a series of implications for the organization, its employees, and customers; this issue is discussed below using literature published in this field. Yield management in the hotel industry has a series of advantages. Baker, Huyton & Bradley note that yield management if it is used in the particular industry, it can lead to ‘the increase of a room’s revenue and of its space’. It is explained though that yield management can play the above role only if a staff is appropriately trained for offering customer servi ce of high quality. In other words, low employee efficiency can eliminate the value of yield management, either in the short or the long term. In any case, the value of yield management, as a key concept in the hotel industry, cannot be doubted. Indeed, yield management can highly benefit the hotel industry. The potential for accurate forecasting is considered as one of the most important advantages of yield management systems. However, the above benefit can be available only in hotels that use advanced IT systems that can monitor every organizational activity and provide accurate information in regard to the organization’s strengths and weaknesses.   Yield management can also help hotel managers to make effective plans in regard to the potential expansion of the organization. For example, in order for a hotel to enter a foreign market, it would be necessary for the hotel’s managers to have an accurate view of the hotel’s profitability so that they are able to check whether the risk of potential losses could be undertaken or not.

Exploring Original Intent versus a Living Constitution Essay

Exploring Original Intent versus a Living Constitution - Essay Example For people that propagate approaches towards original intent, the very essence of ideas pertaining to the rule of law can be found by searching for the original intention in the constitution. This original intention is the very basis for differentiating between the acts of judging from the acts of legislating. Judges are bound to give rulings on the basis of what was intended by the constitution in terms of the given words. However, a large number of controversies have arisen regarding original intent in terms of the power with the Supreme Court as granted by the US Constitution. Hence, while deciding constitutional matters, the issue has often arisen whether the Supreme Court should abide by the original intent or should make attempts to interpret the Constitution in keeping with the present times. The question also arises whether the original intent was intended by the framers of the Constitution to always remain the original intent. People defending original intent hold that if ju dges are given a free hand in not entirely complying with the Constitution they will themselves become lawmakers. Thus it is important for judges to keep up with the Constitution instead of attempting to keep up the Constitution with present times (William, 1976). This is how the significance of original intent is determined in the present times, despite the far reaching changes that have taken place in society and value systems since the Constitution was written. The US constitution is not very lengthy and does not provide explanations or solutions for every situation. Moreover, even in circumstances that appear to be clear, conflicting rights and conflicting areas of authority and power come to the surface. It is in situations like this, when disputes arise and judges have to make interpretations of the Constitution. The constitutions of many countries are very rigid and provide for the judiciary to strictly follow its provisions, although adaptations are made sometimes in keeping with changes in technology, public opinion, political viewpoints and governments. However, the Constitution of the US has been described as a Living Constitution, partly because it can grow and be adapted to internal and external influences in being changed from one period and generation to another. All judges are not known to fully comply with the concept of original content and most do not adhere to it faithfully and uniformly. Judges attempting to use the judicial philosophy of original content are in agreement that only by applying it can courts be bound by the law instead of their own viewpoints on what is desirable. These judges believe that original content should be applied in order to conserve the spirit of democracy put forth by the Constitution. However, modernists hold that the Constitution has been purposely left vague in several areas, primarily to allow modern interpretation to supersede the old ideas as the Constitution becomes older. This is the interpretation and perception that represents the concept of the Living Constitution. It is held that the Constitution is quite flexible and has been changing the belief and values systems of people. As such, modernists do not deny the importance of originalism because they agree the historical perspective of the Constitution does have immense value. But they argue that the present needs of society are far more important than just adhering to

The Geopolitical and Strategic Importance of the Persian Gulf In Essay - 1

The Geopolitical and Strategic Importance of the Persian Gulf In Relation To Contemporary International Affairs in the Region - Essay Example However, the growth of this reason has resulted in both positive and negative effects. Negative impacts can clearly depict the several conflicts affecting the region that is frequently ignited by outside power (Nyrop, 2008). The August 2, 1990, Iraq invasion of Kuwait, is an example of such wars. The US intervened arguing that it was liberating Kuwait from Saddam Hussein. The U.S. sought convinced about 35 nations to support the move to liberate Kuwait through military action. The Persian Gulf War led to an increased rivalry between countries in the region. The conflicts are often ignited by the fight for a resource such as water and resources such as oil. The frequent conflict has become of great concern in the international affairs (Ungerman, 2000; Darvishi & Javilvand, 2010). The Persian Gulf is of great geopolitical and strategic importance due to its role in supplying most of the world’s resources. Natural resources such as water and energy are increasingly becoming scarce. Therefore regions such as the Persian Gulf, which supplies most of the energy to the world due to its great oil and gas resources are expected to continue being of great importance to the international affairs. Therefore, the Persian region is expected to continue being politically important due to its great role as an energy supplier. Moreover, the fight for energy is responsible for most of the past conflicts over energy (Darvishi & Javilvand, 2010; Ungerman, 2000) Therefore, the region is expected to continue being significant in the international affairs since tension is expected to continue growing since the energy requirement across the globe is increasing and countries such as China are expected to require about 5 million barrels per day b 2015. Since the oil will be derived from the region, Asian countries are likely to be characterized by increased interstate conflicts and weapon proliferation.

Strategic Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Intelligence - Essay Example The ability to formulate timely intelligence is vital to operational personnel in making proper decisions in the dynamic environment of intelligence characterized by a variety of constantly evolving criminal, terrorist and other security threats, and by technological, social and commercial environments that are both complex and variable2. Congressional role in Strategic Intelligence has so far been effective and have succeeded in achieving the objectives of its creation. The public is the largest economic unit affected by policies developed out of congressional intelligence at both national and private levels; over two thirds of government expenditure have foundations on the intelligence services provided by the oversight authority. This calls for the need of oversight intelligence authority in the formulation of government policies. Interest in oversight intelligence has been facing disputes in the recent past, mainly on reporting of highly delicate intelligence information including the peoples’ attitude on the Iraq wars. Peoples’ views in many cases tend to deviate from the congressional believes, as a result, it becomes much more difficult for the congress to protect a view that opposes their own2. Congress plays a strategic role in ensuring that the interest of the public is considered in making such decisions. The public has made it increasingly difficult for the congress to do what it was designed to accomplish, the most famous is the information disclosed by WikiLeaks, which have so far dispatched delicate intelligence information to the public without the knowledge of the oversight intelligence. The public sees this as a failure from the side of the congress to provide them with information in time of need3. With the help of congress role of keeping the public informed, information flow have been properly managed so that Strategic Intelligence is guarded. Concerning policy development and peoples’

Business Research Methodologies Resit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Research Methodologies Resit - Essay Example Research Methodology Research Design Research Philosophy The research shall contain elements of both positivism and interpretivism. The interpretivism philosophy is quintessential to our understanding of how and why international students arrive at a preference for certain mobile phone over another in London. This research incorporates identifying and analyzing the factors behind mobile phone selection by international students in London which have not yet been discussed in the context of UK in various past studies. Since this requires significant level of involvement, the subjective element associated with interpretivism will remain dominant. At the same time, the lack of objectivity related with using the interpretivist approach makes it necessary to adopt a quantitative approach and positivist philosophy for the establishment of our research instrument. Research Approach An inductive approach shall be used to identify common factors behind choice of mobile phones in London by inte rnational students which shall be picked up from raw data with subsequent generalizations made for the entire group. Key factors shall be grouped into categories such as cost, availability etc. from raw data and theory shall be developed capturing those factors that are judged to be significant by the researcher. Since the nature of research is qualitative, multiple interpretations may be made from open-ended data obtained through focus groups. Therefore, the findings shall be in large part interpreted in the context of the researchers’ prior experience and/or assumptions. Research strategy Reflecting a blend of positivist and interpretivist approach in our research, a combination of research strategies shall be used including surveys and focus groups. While the surveys are a reflection of the positivist approach, focus groups are suggestive of an interpretivist approach. Inferences regarding the factors that affect choice of mobile phone by international students in the UK s hall be made and relationships between these factors shall be determined using quantitative techniques. Focus groups have been defined as a series of discussions that are systematically planned and that obtain target audience’s perceptions in a particular area of interest under an environment that is tolerant and â€Å"non-threatening† (Krueger & Casey, 2009). The focus groups shall enable the identification of open-ended, sub-conscious responses from the students that they would otherwise not reveal through direct questions. Projective techniques such as those using images of various types of mobile phones (flip cover, sliding, QWERTY keypad, big screen) shall be shown along with various brands including Samsung, Nokia, Apple, Blackberry and others. This exercise particularly attempts to unravel social motivations such as peer pressure in their new place of study as well as the effect of factors such as security (little/no thefts) and supporting infrastructure such as mobile hotspots and e-shopping that may not be available in the countries to which these foreigners belong. Data Collection As suggested earlier, data shall be collected using focus groups and surveys. The surveys shall include both interviews and questionnaires.

The Catholic Church in Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Catholic Church in Ireland - Essay Example The 1937 draft was a betrayal of women (Mulhoffand, 1995)2 According to Mulhoffand; women played an active role in the overthrow of colonialism, the rise of suffragette movement, and the progress of labour movement. The constitution enshrined the Catholic Church as the state religion and relegated women's place to the home and with it their ideals and aspirations. With the democratic states seeking to run its politics, the Church sought to establish a relationship that harbored on non-interfere in specific areas of social life such as family, education and vocation over which it held jurisdiction (Crotty, 2004)3. The Catholic Church in Ireland, once the dominant social institution commanding overwhelming affiliation of church-goers, today maintains a role familiar to its competitive, pluralistic and competing interests. Ireland is a mix state between church-state separation and state religious neutrality, but a look at the 1937 constitution indicates that the Irish state has never been neutral when it came to religion. The recent trends show that Irish State is far from neutral in handling different religious communities. Currently, the relationship between secularisation and Irish state policy looks weak (Kissane, 2003)4. Richard D. Richard D. Finnegan (Ireland: The Challenge of Conflict and Change, 1983) wrote that the Roman Catholic faith in Ireland survived the Reformation, its penal laws and independence movement because its people felt that the church's religious liberty juxtaposed with Ireland's quest for freedom; the people felt that devotion to the church was devotion to the country. Moreover, the Gaelic Ireland movement associated devotion to the church with Irish cultural identity (Crotty, 2004)5. The autonomy that the church enjoyed saw it create its own style of institutions devoid of backward peasantry class or dominant landlord; it emphasised on a more traditional classical curriculum in its school. Gleeson and Munnelly (2004:3) wrote that the Catholic Church was not in favour of the creation of a separate single school subject on citizenship as it believed that moral education and personal development were best taught through religious education (Dr. Harris, 2005).6 In 1878 the government passed an Intermediate Education Act in which every student who passed the Intermediate examination was offered between 3 and 10. The church termed this system as a murder of the education system. The church was against such frivolities, and guarded their control over education, citing that the government system was a deviation from nationalism. The church protected their system to encourage children to learn more on nationalism and language. The primary curriculum was widened to take in more subjects, and much stress was laid on encouraging nationalism, particularly in the teaching of history. Irish was made compulsory (Changes in the Irish Education System, Ireland: culture and religion, 1912-49, multitext.ucc.ie)7. The Church also shaped public opinion against British nationalism and

Business Research Methodologies Resit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Research Methodologies Resit - Essay Example Research Methodology Research Design Research Philosophy The research shall contain elements of both positivism and interpretivism. The interpretivism philosophy is quintessential to our understanding of how and why international students arrive at a preference for certain mobile phone over another in London. This research incorporates identifying and analyzing the factors behind mobile phone selection by international students in London which have not yet been discussed in the context of UK in various past studies. Since this requires significant level of involvement, the subjective element associated with interpretivism will remain dominant. At the same time, the lack of objectivity related with using the interpretivist approach makes it necessary to adopt a quantitative approach and positivist philosophy for the establishment of our research instrument. Research Approach An inductive approach shall be used to identify common factors behind choice of mobile phones in London by inte rnational students which shall be picked up from raw data with subsequent generalizations made for the entire group. Key factors shall be grouped into categories such as cost, availability etc. from raw data and theory shall be developed capturing those factors that are judged to be significant by the researcher. Since the nature of research is qualitative, multiple interpretations may be made from open-ended data obtained through focus groups. Therefore, the findings shall be in large part interpreted in the context of the researchers’ prior experience and/or assumptions. Research strategy Reflecting a blend of positivist and interpretivist approach in our research, a combination of research strategies shall be used including surveys and focus groups. While the surveys are a reflection of the positivist approach, focus groups are suggestive of an interpretivist approach. Inferences regarding the factors that affect choice of mobile phone by international students in the UK s hall be made and relationships between these factors shall be determined using quantitative techniques. Focus groups have been defined as a series of discussions that are systematically planned and that obtain target audience’s perceptions in a particular area of interest under an environment that is tolerant and â€Å"non-threatening† (Krueger & Casey, 2009). The focus groups shall enable the identification of open-ended, sub-conscious responses from the students that they would otherwise not reveal through direct questions. Projective techniques such as those using images of various types of mobile phones (flip cover, sliding, QWERTY keypad, big screen) shall be shown along with various brands including Samsung, Nokia, Apple, Blackberry and others. This exercise particularly attempts to unravel social motivations such as peer pressure in their new place of study as well as the effect of factors such as security (little/no thefts) and supporting infrastructure such as mobile hotspots and e-shopping that may not be available in the countries to which these foreigners belong. Data Collection As suggested earlier, data shall be collected using focus groups and surveys. The surveys shall include both interviews and questionnaires.

Doing Business in a Foreign Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doing Business in a Foreign Country - Essay Example The understanding of the things that can determine the performance of a business operation in Brazil will ensure that foreign investors will be able to establish sustainable businesses in the country. Though doing business in Brazil cannot be easy and has several issues, it is achievable for a foreign organization that is committed to explore the opportunities in the country. The business environment of Brazil requires that the investor be willing and dedicated to the performance of business by supplying sufficient resources and personnel (Ibp Inc 56). Political environment of Brazil Brazil has a business environment that is regulated by the political atmosphere of people in the country considering the federal government has a lot of input into the operation of the business. The government strategies in the country have contributed to the kind of operations into which investors can venture so that they exploit the economic opportunities in the country. Through the government system, the parliament of the country decided on the amount of interest that businesses and individuals could be charged when they acquire loans from the banks. This regulation of the interests on loans shows that there is political influence in business operations in the country (Ibp Inc 55). Legal Environment Foreigners who have to invest in Brazil take a considerable long time to comply with the bureaucratic systems that are established to allow them to operate in the country. This time is taken in filing of issues that show compliance to the legally acceptable charges like taxation, labor laws, reporting and getting permits for their businesses. These processes are legally stipulated and, therefore, every foreign investor has to conform to the requirement to be allowed to start a business (Ibp Inc 55-57). Economic Environment Brazil is a capitalist state that operates in the southern America and has firmly established itself in export of high quality products that attract customers. Thi s means that businesses in the area have to compete for their customers and ensure that they make sales to them so that they can sustain their operation. In many instances, the operations in the business in this country involve export of coffee and other agricultural products, as well as impost of machinery and other products from its business partners that may include the US, China and South Korea among others (Ibp Inc 56). Monetary Environment The federal government of Brazil has Real as its currency since 1994 and, therefore, business operations in the country are done using this currency, especially when it targets the local population. The currency has performed well at the steady exchange rates with other popular currencies within the business environment. This means that the operations of the business in the country are not threatened if the exchange rates in the currency shift within considerable limits. The currency is used to trade with the people within the country or tho se who want to buy products from the country from other countries (Marr 76). Fiscal Constraints in doing Business in Brazil In Brazil, the rates of interests in the central bank of the country are high as compared to other countries in the world and, therefore, it can affect adversely the foreign investors who want to

Psychological Theories on Organisational Work Conditions

Psychological Theories on Organisational Work Conditions A) Describe what psychologists have discovered about organisational work conditions. Psychologists have spent many years trying to prove or disprove the fact that organisation in the work place effects the productivity of the employees. That is to say, if work conditions such as lighting, temperature, noise and vibration do indeed affect the level to which the employees subjected to these issues work. It is proven that the correct lighting will aid a worker in producing a higher level or productivity without tiring so easily. High or low temperature extremes will lower concentration and affect the ability of the worker to continue effective production. High noise levels will detract the workers attention and may cause headaches and other physical ailments which disallow continuing success in the work place. Vibration clearly affects the work of someone needing a steady hand with these things in mind we can see with little doubt that without moderation and organisation work conditions can deteriorate at a vast pace. Work tedium and lack of motivation can be caused by bad management. B) Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about organisational work conditions. Let us first address the issue of lighting. Lighting in any instance is a highly reactive thing. In a nightclub or in a romantic setting the lighting is always dim and soft to increase the confidence of the persons involved. Why then, should this be any different in a work place? It is patently obvious that light too dim can cause someone to strain their eyes, not only meaning that they need put in more effort to gain the same results, but they may also result in physical ailments such as headaches and migraines, therefore leading to a great decrease in productivity. Light too bright and harsh can be intrusive, it can affect the workers morale, making them feel on display, and under interrogation, promoting nervousness and strain, thereby affecting the productivity of their work. Temperature is a particularly important factor of the work place. If people feel cold, they are using energy to try and warm themselves, energy that could be used in other ways. If someone is too hot, they become lethargic and listless, making them unable to apply themselves in a devoted manner to any task. Both extremes are damaging to the work place, not only do they create these physical manifestations but they also affect the mood of a worker. Someone knowing that they will be cold all day at work will eventually become unwilling to enter the work place, fearing for yet another day of shivering. Someone knowing that their work place is far too hot will also eventually become unwilling to enter the work place, they can become dehydrated and snappy, irritable with other work mates and generally spreading an unhealthy work atmosphere. High noise levels can be damaging to concentration. Whilst many people enjoy working with the background noise of some music, it is proven to be detrimental to work productivity levels if noise gets too loud. The brain will inevitably find itself split between two tasks that of the work, and that of listening to the noise, and this inevitably detracts from the quality of the work being produced. At the same time, silence or practically no noise in the work place can cause workers to become self-conscious and nervous, also not advantageous to high quality work. Vibration caused by any number of things machines in the office / warehouse where someone works, traffic outside on the street or even faulty plumbing, clearly affects the work of someone needing a steady hand. Not only is this damaging for the quality of the work, but it can also cause health problems in the long term, resulting in back pain and migraines. Bad management such as over delegation or lack of rotation between tasks can cause tedium and boredom in the work place resulting in a lack of motivation to complete the work set, and eventually a higher level of absentees as people decide that going into work is just too tedious and they begin to take ‘sick days’. C) Giving reasons for your answer, suggest how work conditions and schedules may be organised to reduce their negative effects. Most of the above issues can be monitored and regulated through good organisational management. An alert and active manager is required to motivationally ensure that his work team are in the appropriate surroundings to optimise work capacity through conditions. This will alter from work place to work place, for instance, in an office, it is appropriate to have overhead lighting that is not too intrusive and then offer the workers desk lights so that they can monitor their own lighting for their own personal comfort and therefore productivity. Offices should be kept on the warm side rather than the cool side, because staff are generally stationary and this can cause bad circulation. Sitting in the same place all day can cause coldness and effective heating which can be monitored simply is a good solution. This way the staff can operate a consensus and alter the heating if they feel the need to. The noise level should be kept at a constructive rate enough to encourage movement and act ion without negating maximum concentration. Staff should not feel self conscious on the phone or when talking because there is only silence, but loud music or television are obviously not appropriate in this case, as they would clearly detract from the workers ability to give full concentration to the business in hand. Computers should be monitored so that sound is usually turned off unless necessary so that the rest of the workers are not subjected to each computer making different noises all through the day. If the job in question is more physical, say in a warehouse, then these things may be altered. Louder music may encourage faster movement and higher activity levels, lower temperatures will be necessary because the work is more physical and worker will heat more quickly, lighting may need to be more stringent in order to avoid tripping or any accidents. Vibration in any work place is not beneficial, it will make anything involving your hands harder and most jobs do involve ta ctility. It can cause physical and bodily harm and pain and no work place wishes to subject this on its workers. Maximum attention should be given to ensure that no-one is in the situation where they are subjected to constant vibration. Lastly, this should all be overseen by a manager who has the foresight to allow for all these things, and the personal tastes of his team. He should allow change and varied job delegation in order to avoid boredom and tedium, this will give his staff a pleasant and comfortable environment in which to offer his staff diverse activities, keeping them motivated, happy and relaxed.

Binary Reasoning :: essays research papers

Binary reasoning limits our knowledge for it oversimplifies the subject being studied. Computers operate in binary mode, that is they only can understand a 1 or a 0, and this fact is what makes artificial intelligence so hard to achieve. The fact that humans can work outside of simple duality is what distinguishes us from other animals and machines. Certain issues cannot be studied on their integrity unless they are looked upon without using the â€Å"two-valued logic† system. Two examples would be: whether light is a particle or a wave and whether Adolph Hitler was a Fanatic or an Opportunist. These two examples illustrate a problem of reason as a way to acquire knowledge in the fields of a natural and a human science. Physicists have studied light for centuries and they have always been mystified in deciphering whether it is a particle or a wave. The ancient world believed light was an extremely light and small particle that moved at incredible speeds. More recently, physicists have conducted experiments that proved that light has wave-like properties. In the early 19th century, Thomas Young, a British scientist, conducted a famous experiment in which he proved that light would interfere and diffract. A broad discussion about the nature of light emerged in the scientific world. The theories that light reflected of a surface just like a ball would, was revised because the explanation that it was a reflecting wave was a more convincing one. The fact that light would bend with a large amount of gravity cannot be revoked and this attributed light a certain amount of mass. Since waves are not supposed to have a mass, in the same way that particles are not supposed to diffract, reflect, and refract. The contemporary scientists are intended to abide in the â€Å"wave-particle theory† which combines all the facts of light and place it in a category that does not follow the duality reasoning behind the wave or particle division. Some historians often oversimplify their analysis of historical figures, by stating that they fall under a type of people because of their personality. Alan Bullock does not belong to that group of scientists, which makes him stand out for his originality. Instead of thinking that Hitler was either a fanatic or an opportunist, he is able to view the dictator as both. Furthermore he is able to identify moments in history when Hitler shifted slightly his position.

The Internet Plagiarism Explosion Essay example -- Exploratory Essays

A great deal has been published in the media about the "explosion" of Internet plagiarism among high school and college students. Because the Internet is so young, there have been few studies conducted on the extent of Internet plagiarism. However, existing studies do show that the Internet is an extremely popular tool students use to cheat on written assignments. In any group of students, some will choose the path of academic dishonesty and copy the words or ideas of another person without giving credit to the author. The advent of the Internet has opened new ways for students to plagiarize written material. Not only can students copy material from individual Web sites, but they can use an online paper mill to pay for and receive an entire paper written by someone else. Educators are interested in the extent of Internet plagiarism, why some students plagiarize using the Internet, and what they can do to prevent students from cheating when they use online resources. I will attempt to address these concerns in this paper. The Center for Academic Integrity based at Duke University studies issues of academic integrity including trends in cheating and plagiarism across the United States. Its studies show that Internet plagiarism is a widespread problem among high school and college students. There are several types of Internet plagiarism. The most common way for a student to plagiarize material from the Internet involves copying material from a variety of independent Web sites and compiling them into an "original" document. A less common type involves a student obtaining a paper from a paper mill. There are now thousands of paper mills on the World Wide Web offering a variety of services. Some, such as www.realpapers.com, offer ... ...m. Los Angeles Times, 1. Retrieved October 28, 2001, from LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe database. Hricko, M. (1998). Internet plagiarism: Strategies to deter academic misconduct. Retrieved October 28, 2001 from the Mid-South Instructional Technology Conference Web site: http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/proceed98/mhricko.html Kleiner, C., Lord, M. & Faber, L. (1999, November 22). The great term-paper buying caper. U.S. News & World Report, 127 (20), 63. Retrieved October 28, 2001 from LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe database. Niels, G. J. (1996). Academic practices, school culture and cheating behavior. Retrieved October 28, 2001 from: http://james.hawken.edu/odris/cheating/cheating.html Walker, W. (2001, September 3). Teachers fight back against 'rampant' cyber-cheating. Toronto Star, A07. Retrieved October 28, 2001, from LEXIS-NEXIS Academic Universe database.

Martin Luther King, Obama, and Douglass Essay

Countless have said that all men were created equal, but what about the prodigious black men of all time. Were King, Douglass, and Obama all created equal, or were these men chosen to be predestined for greatness? What constitutes â€Å"greatness† in politics? Names that come readily to mind, like Martin Luther King, Jr. , Frederick Douglass, and Barack Obama, are those who rose to inspire their countries in times of turmoil and change; so it seems that circumstances are just as important as character. Their personal characteristics, and even morals, differed widely — but they were able to anticipate and articulate their nations’ needs and aspirations. One thing King, Douglass, and Obama, all three were involved with civil rights’ of all who were oppressed. These three men helped show America that a change was in order for all to feel free and all were created equal. Each of these three men became American Icons in many ways, such as King, Obama, and Douglass had prodigious speaking skills, leadership expertise, and opinionated dispositions. Obama, Douglass and King are revered in the sense that they led a major change in American History. Through their speeches and movements to the world, Obama, Douglass, and King, have directed a movement of change and optimism through the heart and soul of America. All three men are eloquent speakers, such as Frederick Douglass was not only a powerful speaker but a master of subtleties of the talent. Those who heard him were surprised at the sharpness of his mind, his self-confidence and ease on the podium, noting especially his skill at humor, imitation, and sarcasm. Such was his skill as a speaker that audiences began to doubt his credibility. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s public-speaking abilities, would become well-known as his importance grew in the Civil Rights Movement, developed slowly during his educational years, however, professors praised King for the powerful impression he made in public speeches. Barack Obama has awed the American people from the moment he ran for presidency. Many have written reviews about this great man such as â€Å"Last night our president delivered his first official state of the union address: he was brilliant. Years from now speech instructors will be playing tapes of his speeches for their students; in fact; it’s probably happening already on many college campuses. Years from now books will be written compiling many of his speeches; some given even before he became one of the most historic of all our presidents. From here on in Barack Obama will be the standard by which great speakers are measured. He is undoubtedly one of the best public speakers ever† (Hackshaw). All great speakers share a common trait: They learned to be great by studying those that went before them. Although people are enamored by the oratory skills of public figures from time to time, none was born with the ability to persuade or inspire. Speeches can be prepared for anyone, but it takes a person to be groomed or determined to succeed in those beliefs to make a person a great speaker. The inspirational voices came from wanting to make a change in history, the aspirations of each of the men, whether it was slavery abolishment, segregation, or economic decline. These great men made history in one way or another. Great leaders such as Douglass, King, and Obama, do not sugar coat reality, they engage the heart, refuse to accept the status quo, and create a sense of urgency. In fact, many would say that this is the defining characteristic of real leaders. Douglass was considered one the great leaders of his time, not only did he campaign for the abolishment of slavery, he later began campaigning for women’s rights. Douglass was leading and gifted in the anti-slavery movement. Born a slave, Douglass managed to educate himself, grasp the ideologies that allowed slavery to succeed in America, identified the way to free himself at a very early age and not only freed himself but helped others along the way. He set a determined goal of seeing American slavery abolished in his lifetime and he saw his goal accomplished. Douglass’s courage, intellectual honesty and independence propelled him from slave to orator, editor and intellectual leader. Average leaders focus on results, and that’s it. Good leaders focus also on the actions that will get the results. And great leaders focus, in addition, on the reactions that will drive these behaviors. One emotion that shapes our behavior is anger, and Martin Luther King Jr. , knew of the power that came packed in this emotion. King had reason enough to be aggravated, time and again. He was physically threatened and attacked by prejudiced people, repeatedly jailed by state authorities, sometimes on trivial traffic violations, harassed by the FBI, and even criticized by fellow black leaders who favored more violent forms of resistance. Peter Ling studies King’s leadership role during his fight for harmony and justice and states, â€Å"There were many leaders in the civil rights struggle, but Martin Luther King was more than just the most conspicuous and eloquent among them† (Ling). President Barack Obama, in his State of the Union address, showed the country why he is without question the best individual to lead this country in this time in our history. He was eloquent, forceful, realistic, honest, and inspirational. Only those people who watched through their masks of hate can say otherwise. There were many highpoints for me and below are some quotes that were particularly good. â€Å"Despite our hardships, our union is strong. We do not give up. We do not quit. We do not allow fear or division to break our spirit. In this new decade, it’s time the American people get a government that matches their decency, which embodies their strength† (Transcript: Obama’s first State of the Union speech). Great leaders are not passive; leaders are active and are unwilling to accept to the circumstances. Leaders are impatient, in a good way and refuse to just sit by and let things take their natural course. Many have a sense of urgency and communicate it very well. Each of these men has an opinionated personality. This is what made all three men great. Many people may ask, â€Å"What is an opinionated personality? † An opinionated personality is considered, someone who isn’t afraid to give their personal opinion. It doesn’t have to be a bad thing. It’s just someone that doesn’t stay quiet, if a person doesn’t agree with something. One great example is when Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in his â€Å"I have a Dream Speech,† King wrote, â€Å"Actually, we who engage in nonviolent direct action are not the creators of tension. We merely bring to the surface the hidden tension that is already alive. We bring it out in the open, where it can be seen and dealt with. Like a boil that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be opened with its ugliness to the natural medicines of air and light, injustice must be exposed, with all the tension its exposure creates, o the light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before it can be cured (Shelly). Frederick Douglass voiced his opinions on slavery, no matter the cost, such is shown in this excerpt, â€Å"I have taken a sober view of the present anti-slavery movement. I am sober, but not hopeless. There is no denying, for it is everywhere admitted, that the anti-slavery question is the great moral and social question now before the Ameri can people† (Koeller). Douglass, King, and Obama have all the characteristics of men who believe in the things they speak about. Their opinionated voice resonates with all Americans even from the grave. Many Americans have listened to the speeches performed by all of the three men and felt the emotion that was made to pull your emotions to the front. President Barack Obama is probably one of the most opinionated people, but is not all Presidents or politicians for that matter. Their opinions and views are what gets them elected into government positions. Out of all the speeches given by these three great men, the emotions and personal interests come out and make people feel that a change is needed. Obama came at a time when America was eager for a change, but King and Douglass had to suggest the change, for all white Americans were content with the world. Most of us, being United States citizens, would like to believe that everyone in this country is living in conditions of utmost freedom and equality. Although according to the constitution this is true, anyone who has ever been the victim of oppression knows not to take equality for granted. Our society has slowly grown to accept the different types of people that live in our country; it is now a lot less common to see people s rights such as freedom and equality being abused. This would not be possible without the perseverance of many great men and women, who have strived, against all odds to make those beliefs come true. Frederick Douglass and Martin Luther King Jr. , would never have dreamed that one day a black man would become president. The day that President Barack Obama was sworn into office was a great stride for all black Americans. This showed that the world today had hanged and was not the same it used to be in the 1800’s or even in 1950. It takes a lot to stand up to adversity and make a stand, to voice your beliefs in front of millions who disagree with the color of your skin. Obama said it best in this quote, â€Å"It’s been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America† (Johnson). Through great leadership comes great responsibility and King, Douglass, and Obama, all took on this responsibility to make the world a better place for all Americans. Today we are a United Nation, of all races and colors, all having equal rights. Some still have trouble letting go of those beliefs that one race is more dominate than the other, but it has almost become a thing of the past. America will go through many more changes in the future, it is exciting to set and dwell on the times and changes to come. Will Obama hold up to his promises? Has Obama accomplished enough of his goals for re-election? Will gay marriage be accepted? These are the questions people ask today. Which change will be coming in the future?

Egypt vs. Fertile Crescent Essay

During the early dynastic period, the early River Civilizations had just come to be. Egypt and The Fertile Crescent were 2 of the civilizations. Different civilizations were developing different things as well as living two different ways of life. In social and intellectual ways, these two civilizations handled themselves in very similar as well as many different ways to function the way they did and remain stable while they could. Egypt and the Fertile Crescent shared certain things within the social and political part of their civilizations. They both needed a lot of work to be done. Anywhere from building pyramids, to parts of a city, someone had to do it, but who? To solve this dilemma, the Fertile Crescent used slaves, and Egypt had laborers. Having slaves or laborers made is accomplishable for job positions to be filled within a city, or made it easier and quicker to finish projects ordered by the Pharaoh. In an intellectual view, both developed a form of writing. The Fertile Crescent invented the cuneiform, which is also the first form of writing, to pass down history. As well as Egypt, they had hieroglyphics, which served the same purpose, In other words, they needed a way to keep records from generation to generation. To do this, they used what they had to develop a form of writing to accomplish this. As for differences between to two civilizations, they were very many social and political ones. The Fertile Crescent had a small amount of social classes. They had a priest, merchants, and slaves. Those are the basic classes. The significance of having a less amount of classes is simplicity. Also, because the Monarchy already holds most of the power, it has no need for someone else to have any. Egypt had a lot more compared to them. Pharaohs, Land owners, Army commander, merchants, Farmers, and Laborers. While having more social classes than The Fertile Crescent, it might seem to make it harder on them for they have more going on, and more people doing more things, but it made it easier on the Pharaoh. Yes, he still had say so in what went on, but there were still different people in charge of different things. As for any intellectual differences, Egypt was able to develop a calendar. By doing this, they were able to tell when any floods were coming and it was no surprise. Not only did this calendar only help with flooding problems, but they could also mark any important date of when anything happened during their time. On the other hand, the Fertile Crescent was always hit by surprise by floods from the river. They never developed a calendar, so for them, they had no clue when a flood was coming and it became a panic when it did.

How does Miller portray Proctor in this extract? Essay

The opening stage directions from this extract immediately show the mood of the play, and the extreme tension that the characters are under, â€Å"It is as though they are stood in a spinning world. It is beyond sorrow, above it.† This shows us that the play has reached the moment of crisis, and that the situation is now totally out of control. The metaphorical language Miller uses here emphasises the tension, and the huge emotion of the moment. The first speech in the extract is a conversation between Proctor and his wife. The speech has a superficial tension to it, as they discuss Elizabeth’s pregnancy, although from this tension we can see that there is an underlying intimacy. Miller achieves this effect by using short sentences and responses such as â€Å"The child?† and â€Å"It grows.† This emphasises the tension between the two although the topic is one of unity showing their intimacy. While Elizabeth is talking to her husband she is desperately trying to hold back the emotion that she is actually feeling. This can be seen as when asked whether she has seen her children she replies, â€Å"I have not. She catches a weakening in herself and downs it.† She is being non-committal towards Proctor in order to retain her nobility and not break down. Here Miller is emphasising Elizabeth’s goodness and dignity, and highlighting the gulf that Proctor sees between their moral standing. He does this as Proctor in this bit of dialogue is seeking Elizabeth’s approval so that he feels she has forgiven him for his adultery, and therefore be free to forgive himself. In response to this statement by Elizabeth Procter says, â€Å"You are a- marvel, Elizabeth.† His short dialogue and pause in mid sentence shows the nervousness he is feeling at trying to come to terms with the â€Å"spinning world† in which he finds himself, and also emphasises the respect that he has for his wife. As Proctor admits that he has been tortured Miller writes â€Å"Pause. She will not let herself be drowned in the sea which threatens her.† The metaphorical imagery he uses here conveys the great emotion that they are both feeling for one another, yet are not able to express due to their history. The lack of adjectives and sparseness of language shows the discomfort they are feeling in the situation. The dialogue finally changes from being sparse and brief when Rebecca’s fate is mentioned. As Proctor asks about her, Elizabeth replies â€Å"Not Rebecca. She is one foot in heaven now; naught may hurt her more.† The detail Miller goes into, the elaboration on Rebecca’s name, and the imagery of â€Å"one foot in Heaven† shows the importance to the audience of Proctor and Elizabeth’s respect for Rebecca. The dialogue then quickly retracts to the sparseness of the earlier piece as Elizabeth simply says, â€Å"Giles is dead.† The numbness of her emotion in this very factual sentence shows us that Death has become normality to her, and that she has to remain emotionally detached to avoid breaking down. Miller uses this to build the tension and emotion of his play to a climax, as Proctor decides what to do. The background for Proctor’s announcement to his wife that he is considering confessing is the sentence by Elizabeth â€Å"Aye he were a fearsome man, Giles Corey.† This image of physical strength contrasts with Proctor’s apparent weakness as he admits that â€Å"I have been thinking I would confess to them, Elizabeth.† Miller uses this to steer the audience into believing that this is a dishonourable path to take, and emphasises the enormity of the decision that he has to face. In reply to this, Elizabeth says, â€Å"I cannot judge you, John.† Elizabeth now has an air of tenderness towards Proctor, which contrasts with her earlier coldness. The stage directions Miller uses for Proctor’s next speech are â€Å"simply- a pure question.† The lack of anger, guilt or implicit judgement here shows that the couple now have a sense of unity, and that past problems are now forgotten. In this moment of great emotion and mental turmoil, Proctor a nd Elizabeth are brought together. Miller again steers the audience to see that Proctor will not confess when he gives the directions â€Å"pauses, then with a flailing of hope†. We are now led to believe that Proctor will be unable to bring himself to confess as he can see that it is morally incorrect behaviour. In the next speech by Proctor where he says, â€Å"I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is fraud. I am not that man. She is silent. My honesty is broke Elizabeth; I am no good man.† Here Miller portrays Proctor as not being afraid of death, but that he does not feel that he is worthy to die alongside the likes of Rebecca as he is a sinful man. He is also slightly seeking justification to live. Throughout this extract it is clear that Miller is judging himself and here he is still under the impression that he is not worthy of greatness, although he is not sure as he is mentally battling with himself to come to some sort of conclusion.

Exercise Deprivation on Mood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercise Deprivation on Mood - Essay Example The tend to exercise more due to the guilt of overeating and when it helps in maintaining the body and also improves the mood, the habit would become habitual, which could turn fatal to the health of the individual. This type of behavior is found commonly among college goers who heavily depend on exercises to keep themselves fit and healthy and achieve a greater level of mood satisfaction. Apart from normal individuals, exercise plays a vital role in case of athletes who need to maintain a certain level of fitness to overcome the pressures of the game. However, there has not been much research that has focused on what impact will exercise dependence have in case of athletes. Thus the article provides a comparative study on the impact of exercise dependence and withdrawal on the mood changes in both athletes and non-athletes. In this correlational study 46 athlete and 34 non-athletes female participants were included. The athlete participants were not in-season players and were not attending any training at the time of the study and the sports in which they were engaged included basketball, football, swimming and diving. The non-athletes on the other hand exercised for two hours per week. The age, height, weight, demography and exercise dependence status of the participants using a exercise dependence scale were obtained.

Staffing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Staffing - Assignment Example In general, staffing can be said to include several processes such as work force forecasting, work force planning, and appropriate strategizing. Staffing is also concern with placing of existing work force; relocating and relocating people based on the company’s needs, tasks of an individual, the projects related to the activities of the company and the appropriate professional skills of a worker. The actual staffing process starts by the staffing companies taking efforts in studying the job requirements and specifications of their client. It is the role of the business to understand the organization’s culture before attempting in invitations of those candidates seeking the job, interviewing the candidates, and making follow up concerning their references and other appropriate details. The final process is presenting the job seekers who qualify the interviews and found by the staffing company to possess appropriate qualities for the job. Staffing can be permanent or temporary, with temporary staffing the group in the company involved in the process forms a co-employment relationship in combination with clients this is normally achieved through taking responsibilities for the agreed company’s issues. The permanent staffing, on the other hand, undertakes other roles, in addition to recruitment permission related, to permanent fulfillments for the positions, which are open to individuals wishing to go for the job. Providing companies with candidates are usually achieved by the staffing companies, the aspects in which the companies as provided with include direct hire basis, contract and contract to high. The thorough process of interview usually enables the appropriate solutions and processes effective. Resources for learning and understanding the business, its environment, staffing needs, products and services are usually availed by the staffing company. By working out the basic